Potential of a New Cone-Beam CT Software for Blooming Artifact Reduction.

This study evaluated the dimensions of intraradicular posts using a new cone beam CT (CBCT) software, and verified the potential of blooming artifact reduction. Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were shaped, obturated, prepared for intracanal post placement and distributed into three groups: G1: anatomically customized prefabricated glass fiber posts; G2: low-fusion alloy posts; G3: gold alloy posts. After post fabrication and luting with RelyX U200®, specimens were sectioned axially at 9 mm from the root apex, and markings were made on the root surfaces (X-, Y- and Z-axes). The dimensions of the original posts (control group) were measured using a digital micrometer. CBCT scans of the teeth were obtained using a PreXion 3D Elite® scanner. Posts were measured on CBCT scans using DICOM files and the e-Vol DX software. A specific filter, Blooming Artefact Reduction (BAR), was developed to analyze intracanal posts. Statistical data were evaluated using the Van de Waerden nonparametric analysis of variance and, after that, normalized data were analyzed using the Tukey test. The level of significance was set at α = 5%. The measures of the anatomical prefabricated, low-fusion alloy and gold alloy intracanal posts obtained using the e-Vol DX CBCT software and a micrometer were not significantly different (p>0.05). The use of the BAR filter of the e-Vol DX software application did not induce any dimensional differences on CBCT scans of intracanal posts when compared with measurements made with a micrometer on original posts. The use of the BAR filter eliminated blooming artifacts.

Potential of a new cone-beam ct software for blooming artifact reduction

Abstract This study evaluated the dimensions of intraradicular posts using a new cone beam CT (CBCT) software, and verified the potential of blooming artifact reduction. Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were shaped, obturated, prepared for intracanal post placement and distributed into three groups: G1: anatomically customized prefabricated glass fiber posts; G2: low-fusion alloy posts; G3: gold alloy posts. After post fabrication and luting with RelyX U200®, specimens were sectioned axially at 9 mm from the root apex, and markings were made on the root surfaces (X-, Y- and Z-axes). The dimensions of the original posts (control group) were measured using a digital micrometer. CBCT scans of the teeth were obtained using a PreXion 3D Elite® scanner. Posts were measured on CBCT scans using DICOM files and the e-Vol DX software. A specific filter, Blooming Artefact Reduction (BAR), was developed to analyze intracanal posts. Statistical data were evaluated using the Van de Waerden nonparametric analysis of variance and, after that, normalized data were analyzed using the Tukey test. The level of significance was set at α = 5%. The measures of the anatomical prefabricated, low-fusion alloy and gold alloy intracanal posts obtained using the e-Vol DX CBCT software and a micrometer were not significantly different (p>0.05). The use of the BAR filter of the e-Vol DX software application did not induce any dimensional differences on CBCT scans of intracanal posts when compared with measurements made with a micrometer on original posts. The use of the BAR filter eliminated blooming artifacts.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou as dimensões de pinos intrarradiculares usando um novo software de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) e um micrômetro digital, e verificou o potencial da redução do artefato de contraste do branco. Sessenta e três dentes humanos unirradiculares foram modelados, obturados, preparados para colocação de pinos e distribuídos em três grupos: G1: pino de fibra de vidro pré-fabricado anatômico; G2: pino metálico de liga de baixa fusão; G3: pino metálico de liga de ouro. Após a confecção e cimentação dos pinos com RelyX U200®, os espécimes foram cortados no sentido axial a 9 mm do ápice radicular, sendo efetuadas marcações em suas superfícies radiculares (eixos X, Y e Z) para orientação das medidas e sincronizações das imagens. Foi utilizado um micrômetro digital para a mensuração das dimensões dos pinos originais (grupo controle) associado ao microscópio operatório. Posteriormente, as imagens em TCFC foram obtidas usando o PreXion 3D Elite®. Para a mensuração dos pinos nas imagens de TCFC utilizou-se o arquivo DICOM e a ferramenta de medida do software e-Vol DX, configurada para medidas milesimais, com o filtro BAR (Blooming Artifact Reduction). Os dados estatísticos foram avaliados com a análise de variância não-paramétrica de Van der Waerden, seguida pelo Teste de Tukey aplicado aos dados normalizados. O nível de significância foi de α = 5%. Os resultados mostraram que as medidas dos diâmetros dos pinos intrarradiculares (fibra de vidro anatômico, metálico liga de baixa fusão, e em liga de ouro) usando o software e-Vol DX e o micrômetro não mostram diferenças significativas entre si. O uso do filtro BAR do software e-Vol DX não induziu diferenças dimensionais nas imagens de TCFC dos pinos quando comparadas às medidas realizadas com o micrômetro sobre os pinos originais. O uso do filtro BAR eliminou artefatos de contraste do branco.

Study of Root Canal Anatomy in Human Permanent Teeth in A Subpopulation of Brazil's Center Region Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - Part 1.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of roots, root canals and apical foramina in human permanent teeth using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images of 1,400 teeth from database previously evaluated were used to determine the frequency of number of roots, root canals and apical foramina. All teeth were evaluated by preview of the planes sagittal, axial, and coronal. Navigation in axial slices of 0.1 mm/0.1 mm followed the coronal to apical direction, as well as the apical to coronal direction. Two examiners assessed all CBCT images. Statistical data were analyzed including frequency distribution and cross-tabulation. The highest frequency of four root canals and four apical foramina was found in maxillary first molars (76%, 33%, respectively), followed by maxillary second molars (41%, 25%, respectively). The frequency of four root canals in mandibular first molars was 51%. Mandibular first premolars had two root canals and two apical foramina in 29% and 20% of the cases, respectively. Mandibular central and lateral incisors and canines presented two root canals in 35%, 42% and 22% of the cases, respectively. The navigation strategy in CBCT images favors a better identification of frequency and position of roots, root canals and apical foramina in human permanent teeth.

Study of Root Canal Anatomy in Human Permanent Teeth in A Subpopulation of Brazil's Center Region Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - Part 1

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of roots, root canals and apical foramina in human permanent teeth using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images of 1,400 teeth from database previously evaluated were used to determine the frequency of number of roots, root canals and apical foramina. All teeth were evaluated by preview of the planes sagittal, axial, and coronal. Navigation in axial slices of 0.1 mm/0.1 mm followed the coronal to apical direction, as well as the apical to coronal direction. Two examiners assessed all CBCT images. Statistical data were analyzed including frequency distribution and cross-tabulation. The highest frequency of four root canals and four apical foramina was found in maxillary first molars (76%, 33%, respectively), followed by maxillary second molars (41%, 25%, respectively). The frequency of four root canals in mandibular first molars was 51%. Mandibular first premolars had two root canals and two apical foramina in 29% and 20% of the cases, respectively. Mandibular central and lateral incisors and canines presented two root canals in 35%, 42% and 22% of the cases, respectively. The navigation strategy in CBCT images favors a better identification of frequency and position of roots, root canals and apical foramina in human permanent teeth.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência de raízes, canais radiculares e forames apicais em dentes permanentes humanos por meio de imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Imagens de TCFC de 1.400 dentes de um banco de dados avaliadas anteriormente (1) foram usadas para determinar a frequência do número de raízes, canais radiculares e forames apicais. Em todos os dentes foi realizada avaliação por visualização em planos sagital, axial e coronal. Foram feitas navegações em cortes axiais de 0,1 mm/0,1 mm em sentido cervical para a direção apical, bem como de apical para cervical. Todas as imagens foram avaliadas por dois examinadores. Os dados estatísticos foram analisados, incluindo distribuição de frequência e tabulação cruzada. A maior frequência de quatro canais radiculares e quatro forames apicais foi encontrada em primeiros molares superiores (76%, 33%), seguido de segundos molares superiores (41%, 25%). A frequência de quatro canais radiculares nos primeiros molares inferiores foi de 51%. Primeiros pré-molares inferiores apresentaram dois canais radiculares e dois forames apicais em 29% e 20%, respectivamente. Os incisivos centrais e laterais inferiores e caninos apresentaram dois canais radiculares em 35%, 42% e 22% dos casos, respectivamente. A estratégia de navegação em imagens de TCCB favorece uma melhor identificação de frequência, posição das raízes, canais radiculares e forames apicais em dentes permanentes humanos..

Frequency of Root Canal Isthmi in Human Permanent Teeth Determined by Cone-beam Computed Tomography.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the frequency of root canal isthmi (RCIs) in human permanent teeth by using cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS: A sample of 1400 teeth of 618 patients (394 women; mean age, 43.4 years) was selected. RCIs were detected longitudinally on 0.1-mm/0.1-mm axial slices of cone-beam computed tomography images of roots scanned from the pulp orifice to the apex, and findings were classified into 7 categories according to RCIs beginning and end: (1) both in the cervical third, (2) begin in the cervical third and end in the middle third, (3) begin in the cervical third and end in the apical third, (4) both in the middle third, (5) begin in the middle third and end in the apical third, (6) both in the apical third, or (7) no isthmus. A χ(2) test with Yates correction or the Fisher exact test was used to analyze categorical variables, described as frequencies (%). The Student t test was used to compare quantitative variables. RESULTS: RCI is a common anatomic structure in human permanent teeth, except in maxillary anterior teeth. CONCLUSIONS: The higher frequencies of RCIs (87.9%) were found in mandibular first molars. The frequencies of RCIs according to mean age and tooth group were not significantly different (P > .05), except in mandibular central incisors. RCIs were less frequent among older patients.

Detection of apical inflammatory root resorption associated with periapical lesion using different methods.

The aim of this study was to detect apical inflammatory root resorption (AIRR) associated with periapical lesion using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). This clinical study evaluated AIRR in 88 root apexes, from 52 permanent teeth of 14 patients, extracted for different reasons. The patients were submitted to a clinical interview, review of dental/medical histories and clinical/imaging examinations for treatment planning. All selected teeth showed unrestorable condition because of the extensive coronal breakdown due to carious lesions, and root canal infection associated with periapical lesions. CBCT images were obtained from the patients with the aim of diagnosing the periapical diseases which showed complex or doubtful conditions. Two examiners assessed the presence or absence of AIRR. Apices were also analyzed under SEM. Chi-square test was used to compare the imaging methods for detection of AIRR. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. AIRR associated with root canal infection and apical periodontitis was found in 61.4% of the cases studied by using SEM, and at least half of the cases by CBCT. The microscopic analysis remains as a reference standard against the imaging method to identify AIRR.

Detection of Apical Inflammatory Root Resorption Associated with Periapical Lesion Using Different Methods

The aim of this study was to detect apical inflammatory root resorption (AIRR) associated with periapical lesion using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). This clinical study evaluated AIRR in 88 root apexes, from 52 permanent teeth of 14 patients, extracted for different reasons. The patients were submitted to a clinical interview, review of dental/medical histories and clinical/imaging examinations for treatment planning. All selected teeth showed unrestorable condition because of the extensive coronal breakdown due to carious lesions, and root canal infection associated with periapical lesions. CBCT images were obtained from the patients with the aim of diagnosing the periapical diseases which showed complex or doubtful conditions. Two examiners assessed the presence or absence of AIRR. Apices were also analyzed under SEM. Chi-square test was used to compare the imaging methods for detection of AIRR. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. AIRR associated with root canal infection and apical periodontitis was found in 61.4% of the cases studied by using SEM, and at least half of the cases by CBCT. The microscopic analysis remains as a reference standard against the imaging method to identify AIRR.

O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar reabsorção radicular inflamatória apical (RRIA) associada à lesão periapical utilizando tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Este estudo clínico avaliou RRIA em 88 ápices radiculares de 52 dentes permanentes de 14 pacientes, extraídos por diferentes motivos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma entrevista clínica, revisão da história médica/dental, exames clínicos e de imagem para o plano de tratamento. Todos os dentes selecionados apresentaram condição não restaurável devido à extensa perda de estrutura dental associada a lesões cariosas, e infecção do canal radicular associada a lesões periapicais. TCFC foram obtidas dos pacientes com o objetivo de diagnosticar as alterações periapicais que se mostraram complexas ou duvidosas. Dois examinadores avaliaram a presença ou ausência de RRIA. Os ápices foram também analisados por MEV. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar os métodos de detecção de RRIA. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. RRIA associada à infecção do canal radicular e periodontite apical foi encontrada em 61,4% dos casos estudados usando MEV, e pelo menos metade dos casos utilizando TCFC. A análise microscópica continua a ser o padrão frente a métodos de imagens para a identificação de RRIA.